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<title><idno type="filename">CGRN 229</idno>: <rs type="textType" key="sacrificial regulation">Sacrificial regulation</rs> for Aphrodite Peitho and Hermes at Mytilene</title>
<author>Julien Dechevez</author>
<author>Elie Piette</author>
<author>Zoé Pitz</author>
<author>Rebecca Van Hove</author>
</titleStmt>
<publicationStmt>
<authority>Collection of Greek Ritual Norms, Collège de France - University of Liège.</authority>
<availability>
<p>Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike International License <ref target="http://creativecommons.org/" type="external">4.0</ref>.</p><p>All citation, reuse or distribution of this work must contain somewhere a link back to the DOI (<idno type="DOI">https://doi.org/10.54510/CGRN229</idno>), as well as the year of consultation (see “Home” for details on how to cite or click “Export Citation” to create a reference for this specific file).</p></availability>
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<p><rs type="objectType" key="stele">Stele</rs> of blueish marble, only broken at the bottom.</p>
<p><dimensions>
<height unit="cm">16</height>
<width unit="cm">27</width>
<depth unit="cm">10</depth>
</dimensions></p>
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<layout>
<p>The beginnings of lines 4 and 6, as well as the entire line 5 have been erased. The first word of line 6 has been reinscribed in a rasura.
</p>
<p>Letters: <height unit="cm">1.3-1.5</height></p>
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<history>
<origin>
<p><origDate notBefore="-0300" notAfter="-0100">3rd-2nd century BC</origDate>
</p>
<p><desc>Justification: dialect (Hodot).</desc></p>
</origin>
<provenance>
<p><placeName type="ancientFindspot" key="Mytilene" n="Aegean_Islands"><ref target="https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/550763/" type="external">Mytilene</ref>, found reused in the school library. Current location unknown.</placeName>
</p>
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<p>Encoded for EpiDoc schema 8.17 on 02-06-2020 by R. Van Hove.</p>
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<langUsage>
<language ident="eng">English</language>
<language ident="grc">Ancient Greek</language>
<language ident="lat">Latin</language>
<language ident="fre">French</language>
<language ident="ger">German</language>
<language ident="gre">Modern Greek</language>
<language ident="ita">Italian</language>
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<revisionDesc>
<change>Revised by XX in 20XX.</change>
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<body>
<div type="bibliography">
<head>Bibliography</head>
<p>Edition here based on <bibl type="abbr" n="IG XII.2">IG XII.2</bibl> 73.</p>
<p>Cf. also: <bibl type="author_date" n="Conze 1865">Conze 1865</bibl>;
Bechtel <bibl type="abbr" n="SGDI">SGDI</bibl> 293;
Ziehen <bibl type="abbr" n="LGS II">LGS II</bibl> 119;
Sokolowski <bibl type="abbr" n="LSCG">LSCG</bibl> 126.
</p>
<p>Further bibliography:
<bibl type="author_date" n="Salviat 1958b">Salviat 1958b</bibl>: 325-326;
<bibl type="author_date" n="Hodot 1990">Hodot 1990</bibl>: 17, MYT 016;
<bibl type="author_date" n="Pirenne-Delforge 1991">Pirenne-Delforge 1991</bibl>;
<bibl type="author_date" n="Pirenne-Delforge 1994">Pirenne-Delforge 1994</bibl>;
<bibl type="author_date" n="Wallenstein 2019">Wallensten 2019</bibl>: 252-253;
<bibl type="author_date" n="Pitz 2024">Pitz 2024</bibl>
</p>
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<div type="edition">
<head>Text</head>
<ab>
<lb xml:id="line_1" n="1"/><name type="deity" key="generic"><w lemma="θεός">θεός</w></name>· <name type="deity" key="Tyche"><w lemma="τύχη">τύχα</w></name> <name type="epithet" key="Agathe"><w lemma="ἀγαθός">ἀγαθά</w></name>·
<lb xml:id="line_2" n="2"/><w lemma="ὅς">ὄ</w> <w lemma="κε">κε</w> <w lemma="ἐθέλω">θέλη</w> <name type="sacrifice"><w lemma="θύω">θύην</w></name> <w lemma="ἐπί">ἐπὶ</w> τῶ <name type="structure"><w lemma="βωμός">βωμ<supplied reason="lost">ῶ</supplied></w></name>
<lb xml:id="line_3" n="3"/>τᾶς <name type="deity" key="Aphrodite"><w lemma="Ἀφροδίτη"> Ἀφροδίτας</w></name> τᾶς <name type="epithet" key="Peitho"><w lemma="Πειθώ">Πεί
<lb xml:id="line_4" n="4" break="no"/><del rend="erasure">θως</del></w></name> καὶ τῶ <name type="deity" key="Hermes"><w lemma="Ἑρμῆς">Ἐρμᾶ</w></name>, <name type="sacrifice"><w lemma="θύω">θυέτω</w></name>
<lb xml:id="line_5" n="5"/><del rend="erasure"><gap reason="lost" extent="unknown" unit="character"/></del>
<lb xml:id="line_6" n="6"/><add place="overstrike"><name type="animal" key="generic"><w lemma="ἱερεῖον">ἰρήϊον</w></name></add> <w lemma="ὅστις">ὄττι</w> <w lemma="κε">κε</w> <w lemma="ἐθέλω">θέλη</w> καὶ
<lb xml:id="line_7" n="7"/><name type="gender"><w lemma="ἄρσην">ἔρσεν</w></name> καὶ <name type="gender"><w lemma="θῆλυς">θῆλυ</w></name> <w lemma="πλήν">πλ<supplied reason="lost">ὰ</supplied>γ</w> <name type="animal" key="swine"><name type="age"><w lemma="χοῖρος">χοί<supplied reason="lost">ρω</supplied></w></name></name>,
<lb xml:id="line_8" n="8"/>καὶ <name type="animal" key="bird"><w lemma="ὄρνις">ὄρνιθα</w></name> <w lemma="ὅστις">ὄττι<supplied reason="lost">νά</supplied></w> <w lemma="κε"><supplied reason="lost">κε</supplied></w> <w lemma="ἐθέλω"><supplied reason="lost">θέλη</supplied></w>
<lb/> <gap reason="lost" extent="unknown" unit="line"/>
</ab>
</div>
<div type="translation" xml:lang="eng">
<head>Translation</head>
<p>God. Good Fortune. The one who wants to sacrifice on the altar of Aphrodite Peitho and Hermes should sacrifice (5) [...] the animal he wishes, a male and a female, except swine (literally: a piglet), and the bird [he wishes ...]
</p>
</div>
<div type="translation" xml:lang="fre">
<head>Traduction </head>
<p>Dieu. Bonne fortune. Que celui qui veut faire un sacrifice sur l’autel d’Aphrodite Peitho et d’Hermès sacrifie (5) [...] l’animal qu’il veut, un mâle et une femelle, sauf un porcin (littéralement : un porcelet), et l’oiseau [qu’il veut ...]
</p>
</div>
<div type="commentary">
<head>Commentary</head>
<p>The stele details what sacrifices can be made to Aphrodite Peitho and Hermes and was presumably set up by the altar of these deities mentioned in lines 2-3. The figure of Peitho is commonly associated with Aphrodite throughout the Greek world, though mostly as a deity in her own right, often playing the role of Aphrodite’s attendant (see Pirenne-Delforge 1991, with further discussion). Peitho as an epithet of Aphrodite occurs much more rarely: it is also, for instance, found at Pharsalos in Thessaly (<bibl type="abbr" n="IG IX.2">IG IX.2</bibl> 236 records "a torch for Aphrodite Peitho") and at Knidos (<bibl type="abbr" n="SEG">SEG</bibl> 12, 423). The association of Aphrodite with Peitho can be found in civic contexts, where Peitho probably represents rhetorical persuasion (cf. <ref target="http://cgrn.ulg.ac.be/CGRN_136/">CGRN 136</ref>, line 26, mentioning "statues" plural] in the sanctuary of Aphrodite Pandemos in Athens, which Pausanias [1.22.3] identified as statues of the two goddesses). However, when connected with Aphrodite, Peitho can also refer to erotic persuasion. Similarly, the coupling of Aphrodite with Hermes can be found in both civic and private contexts throughout the Greek world: cults dedicated to Hermes and Aphrodite can be linked to sex, fertility and marriage (cf. Plut. <title>Mor.</title> 138c-d), but the two deities also appear together frequently in dedications by magistrates in civic contexts such as the agora or prytaneion (cf. Salviat, Wallensten).</p>
<p> Lines 6-7: With the exception of swine, the regulation allows for any animal, one male and one female, to be sacrificed by worshippers. Despite the word order, the phrasing of the regulation probably implies that the usual practice was for the female animal to be offered to Aphrodite Peitho and the male animal to Hermes: compare <ref target="CGRN_17">CGRN 17</ref> (Thasos), where the Nymphs receive any sort of female animal, while Apollo Nymphagetes receives a male. As a general rule in Greek ritual norms, male animals are sacrificed to gods and female animals to goddesses: cf. Pitz. The term used to denote the generic sacrificial animals, ἱερεῖον, appears to have been inscribed over a rasura, and the erased text is illegible. Rather than restricting the sacrifice only of piglets—the young of the swine,—it is highly probable that the regulation had a more general scope, aiming to forbid the sacrifice of any animals from the porcine species (cf. again <ref target="CGRN_17">CGRN 17</ref> and also <ref target="http://cgrn.ulg.ac.be/CGRN_27/">CGRN 27</ref>, both from Thasos, for similar interdictions using χοῖρος to denote the whole species). In the present Collection, none of the other restrictions of swine concern a cult of Aphrodite; however, <ref target="CGRN_178">CGRN 178</ref>, also from Thasos, restricts the sacrifices of goats and swine (again expressed as χοῖρος) to Peitho; in <ref target="CGRN_136">CGRN 136</ref>, line 24, the use of a dove for the purification of the sanctuary of Aphrodite Pandemos and Peitho in Athens, instead of a piglet as is common in this type of ritual, could be a sign of Aphrodite's ambiguous relationship to pigs in the Greek world (see Pirenne-Delforge 1994: 388-393).</p>
<p> Line 8: For other prescriptions of sacrifices of birds, see e.g. <ref target="http://cgrn.ulg.ac.be/CGRN_70/">CGRN 70</ref> (Oropos), line 7, and esp. <ref target="CGRN_220">CGRN 220</ref> (Aphrodite Pandamos and Pontia on Kos), line 12. The dove and the pigeon are birds particularly connected to Aphrodite, see <ref target="CGRN_136">CGRN 136</ref> (Athens), line 24, and <ref target="CGRN_233">CGRN 233</ref> (Aphrodisias). If the restoration is correct, the choice of the bird was left to the worshipper (cf. again <ref target="CGRN_220">CGRN 220</ref>, line 12: ὄρνιθος).</p>
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