CGRN 228

Fragment of a sacrificial calendar from the sanctuary of Zeus and Hera at Panamara

Date :

ca. 50-1 BC

Justification: lettering (van Bremen; contra Sokolowski, Şahin: ca. 200-100 BC).

Provenance

Panamara . Found in the sanctuary of Zeus and Hera by G. Cousin in 1886. Current location unknown.

Support

Fragment of a stone block damaged on all sides. From the restorations given below, one possibility is that not much is missing to the left of the inscribed face, but this is only a tentative reconstruction. Further fracture of the stone must have occurred during the middle of the 20th century, as a result of which some letters read by Hatzfeld, the first editor, were no longer legible to later scholars (see Drew-Bear - Schwertfeger). As R. van Bremen has convincingly demonstrated, this inscription and another block from Panamara (CGRN 192), with which it has been consistently associated since the first publication in Hatzfeld (cf. nos. 9a-b; cf. also Sokolowski nos. 67A-B; Şahin nos. 1A-B), do not in fact belong together. The present block is notably much thicker (40 cm deep).

  • Height: 30 cm
  • Width: 41 cm
  • Depth: 40 cm

Layout

Letters: 1.6 cm high. The letters have been carefully incised.

Bibliography

Edition here based on Şahin I.Stratonikeia 1A.

Other edition: Hatzfeld 1927: 69 no. 9a, on the basis of the copy of Cousin.

Cf. also: Sokolowski LSAM 67A; SEG 4, 266 (with SEG 15, 653 for a discussion on the choices of previous editors); Drew-Bear - Schwertfeger 1979: 199, with a ph. pl. Xb.

Further bibliography: Laumonier 1958: 292, 298, 305; Trümpy 1997: 262-265; van Bremen 2004: 224-226; Pitz 2024

Text


[..?..]
[...]οσκα[..?.. μολπὴν καὶ]
[βουθ]υσίαν α[..?..]
[μολ]πὴν καὶ βουθυσ[ίαν ..?..]
[...]ν ἱερεῖον τέλειον [..?.. μολπὴν καὶ]
5[βου]θυσίαν καὶ ἐπὶ τη[..?..]
[ἱερε]ῖον τέλειον· v δκʹ v Π[..?.. μολπὴν]
[καὶ β]ουθυσίαν· ὁμοίως [..?..]
[μο]λπὴν καὶ βουθυσίαν [..?..]
[...]σι τοῦ θεοῦ θύε[ιν ..?.. καὶ]
10[παρ]ασκευάζειν [..?..]
[..?..]

Translation

[... and a molpe and] a bovine sacrifice [...] a molpe and a bovine sacrifice [...] an adult sacrificial animal [... a molpe and] (5) a bovine sacrifice and to/on [...] an adult sacrificial animal. On the 24th of P[... a molpe and] a bovine sacrifice. In the same way [...] a molpe and a bovine sacrifice [...] of the god to sacrifice [... and] (10) prepare [...].

Translation

[... et une molpe et] un sacrifice de bovin [...] une molpe et un sacrifice de bovin [...] un animal sacrificiel adulte [... une molpe et] (5) un sacrifice de bovin et vers/sur [...] un animal sacrificiel adulte. Le 24 P[... une molpe et] un sacrifice de bovin. De même [...] une molpe et un sacrifice de bovin [...] du dieu sacrifier [... et] (10) préparer [...].

Commentary

Found in the sanctuary of Zeus and Hera at Panamara, this formulaic inscription was consistently associated in past scholarship with another document from the sanctuary (cf. CGRN 192), but the two blocks have convincingly been dissociated by van Bremen (see also above on Support). The present inscription is the only one of the pair that could belong to the category of sacrificial calendars (an identification also favoured by Sokolowski). The text principally prescribes a list of recurring offerings of songs or dances, alongside sacrifices of oxen and other animals. The exact nature of the inscription remains unclear, although both the repetitive character of the offerings and the probable date mentioned in line 6 support the idea that it could be a sacrificial calendar. As Sokolowski notes, several festivals are known to have been celebrated at Panamara: the Panamareia, the major festival of Zeus Panamaros; the Komyria, involving rites of maturation for young boys; and the Heraia (apparently the subject of CGRN 192, line 6); see Laumonier for further discussion. However, the absence of names of festivals or precise divine recipients (but cf. line 9) in this inscription does not allow us to consider any one of these festivals in particular.

Line 1: The μολπή is a sacred song or a rhythmic dance accompanied by a song (cf. LSJ s.v.). While a common term in literary and poetic texts, μολπή is rarely found in epigraphic sources. There do not seem to be any other occurrences of this specific term in a sacrificial context, while this is repeatedly the case here. At Miletos, however, the association of song/dance and sacrifice is particularly conspicuous in the role of the Molpoi, whose name is clearly derived from the verbs μέλπω/μολπεύω: cf. the list of their eponymous officials (Milet I.3 122, from 523/2 to 313/2 BC) and see esp. CGRN 201 for a dossier of the Molpoi concerning cults at Miletos and Didyma, with line 20 in particular mentioning a μολπόν, possibly to be interpreted as a ritual occasion involving music and song.

Line 2: The noun βουθυσία literally refers to the sacrifice of one or multiple bovine animals. This could, for example, include the sacrifice of a bull (Dunant - Pouilloux, p. 192, line 26: βουθυτεῖσθαι (...) ταύρους μὴ [νεωτέρους τρ]ιῶν ἐτῶν) or other members of this species. In literary texts, βουθυτεῖν can also have the more general meaning “sacrifice” (LSJ s.v.); cf. Ar. Plut. 819: καὶ νῦν ὁ δεσπότης μὲν ἔνδον βουθυτεῖ ὗν καὶ τράγον καὶ κριὸν ἐστεφανωμένος. The verb βουθυτεῖν is attested in a dedication to Zeus Panamaros found at Panamara, though with no mention of the specific sacrificed animal (I.Stratonikeia 160).

Line 4: The regulations for the Heraia at Panamara (CGRN 192) also prescribe an adult sacrificial animal, but these generic animals are widespread in Greek ritual norms (see Pitz). Such a sacrifice recurs in line 6.

Line 6: Hatzfeld suggests reading a date followed by the name of a month in the lacuna here: P[anamos]. A date, marking a new rubric in a sacrificial calendar, is a convincing possibility because the numeral appears to be indicated by a horizontal stroke inscribed above the letters (δ̄κ̄) and this is carefully separated from what precedes and follows by some empty space. The order of the numerals is reversed, δκ′ instead of κδ′, which is common in late Hellenistic or Imperial inscriptions. In the Rhodian calendar, which was used at Panamara during part of the Hellenistic period, Panamos (in Hatzfeld's hypothesis) is the last month of the year and occurs in the summertime (July/August), immediately before Dalios, the first month: cf. CGRN 110 from Kamiros. Considering the date of the inscription, it is also possible that, instead of the Rhodian calendar, the Macedonian calendar was the one used in the area of Stratonikeia at this time. In this calendar, P[anemos] would then fall in ca. June; yet, in this calendar, the month P[eritios] (February/March) would also remain an alternative restoration. On the Macedonian calendar, see Trümpy with further references. In any case, it is difficult to be sure whether the name of a month must actually be restored here.

Lines 7-10: Hatzfeld has put forward the suggestion that from line 7 onwards the inscription turns to consider the Heraia, moving away from a festival discussed in the first part of the inscription. However, this hypothesis is largely based on the mention of the Heraia in CGRN 192, line 6, which used to be read together with this inscription. Instead, the last extant lines appear to consider an occasion involving a male god ([...]σι τοῦ θεοῦ), almost certainly Zeus Panamaros.

Publication

Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike International License 4.0 .

All citation, reuse or distribution of this work must contain somewhere a link back to the DOI (https://doi.org/10.54510/CGRN228), as well as the year of consultation (see “Home” for details on how to cite or click “Export Citation” to create a reference for this specific file).

Authors

  • Jan-Mathieu Carbon
  • Julien Dechevez
  • Elie Piette
  • Zoé Pitz
  • Rebecca Van Hove

How To Cite

Brief citation of the Greek text : CGRN 228, lines x-x.

Reference to the file as a critical study of the inscription : Jan-Mathieu Carbon, Julien Dechevez, Elie Piette, Zoé Pitz et Rebecca Van Hove, "CGRN 228: Fragment of a sacrificial calendar from the sanctuary of Zeus and Hera at Panamara", in Collection of Greek Ritual Norms (CGRN), 2017-, consulted on December 22, 2024. URL: http://cgrn.ulg.ac.be/file/228/; DOI: https://doi.org/10.54510/CGRN228.

Full citation of the CGRN in a list of abbreviations or a bibliography is the following : Jan-Mathieu Carbon, Saskia Peels-Matthey, Vinciane Pirenne-Delforge, Collection of Greek Ritual Norms (CGRN), 2017-, consulted on December 22, 2024. URL: http://cgrn.ulg.ac.be; DOI: https://doi.org/10.54510/CGRN0. 

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				<author>Jan-Mathieu Carbon</author>
				<author>Julien Dechevez</author>
				<author>Elie Piette</author>
				<author>Zoé Pitz</author>
				<author>Rebecca Van Hove</author>
				
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								<support><p>Fragment of a stone <rs type="objectType" key="block">block</rs> damaged on all sides. From the restorations given below, one possibility is that not much is missing to the left of the inscribed face, but this is only a tentative reconstruction. Further fracture of the stone must have occurred during the middle of the 20th century, as a result of which some letters read by Hatzfeld, the first editor, were no longer legible to later scholars (see Drew-Bear - Schwertfeger). As R. van Bremen has convincingly demonstrated, this inscription and another block from Panamara (<ref target="http://cgrn.ulg.ac.be/CGRN_192">CGRN 192</ref>), with which it has been consistently associated since the first publication in Hatzfeld (cf. nos. 9a-b; cf. also Sokolowski nos. 67A-B; Şahin nos. 1A-B), do not in fact belong together. The present block is notably much thicker (40 cm deep).</p>
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						<provenance><p><placeName type="ancientFindspot" key="Panamara" n="Asia_Minor_and_Anatolia"><ref target="http://pleiades.stoa.org/places/599853" type="external">Panamara</ref></placeName>. Found in the sanctuary of Zeus and Hera by G. Cousin in 1886. Current location unknown.</p>
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			<div type="bibliography">
				<head>Bibliography</head>
				<p> Edition here based on Şahin <bibl type="abbr" n="I.Stratonikeia">I.Stratonikeia</bibl> 1A.</p>
				
            <p> Other edition: <bibl type="author_date" n="Hatzfeld 1927">Hatzfeld 1927</bibl>: 69 no. 9a, on the basis of the copy of Cousin.</p>

	<p>Cf. also: Sokolowski <bibl type="abbr" n="LSAM">LSAM</bibl> 67A; 
		<bibl type="abbr" n="SEG">SEG</bibl> 4, 266 (with <bibl type="abbr" n="SEG">SEG</bibl> 15, 653 for a discussion on the choices of previous editors); 
		<bibl type="author_date" n="Drew-Bear - Schwertfeger 1979">Drew-Bear - Schwertfeger 1979</bibl>: 199, with a ph. pl. Xb.</p>
	
            <p>Further bibliography: <bibl type="author_date" n="Laumonier 1958">Laumonier 1958</bibl>: 292, 298, 305; 
					<bibl type="author_date" n="Trümpy 1997">Trümpy 1997</bibl>: 262-265; 
					<bibl type="author_date" n="van Bremen 2004">van Bremen 2004</bibl>: 224-226; 
					<bibl type="author_date" n="Pitz 2024">Pitz 2024</bibl></p>
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				<head>Text</head>
				<ab>

                  <lb/><gap reason="lost" extent="unknown" unit="line"/>
                  
<lb xml:id="line_1" n="1"/><gap reason="lost" quantity="3" unit="character" precision="low"/><orig>οσκ<unclear>α</unclear></orig><gap reason="lost" extent="unknown" unit="character"/> <name type="invocation"><w lemma="μολπή"><supplied reason="lost">μολπὴν</supplied></w></name> <supplied reason="lost">καὶ</supplied>
					
<lb xml:id="line_2" n="2"/><name type="sacrifice"><name type="animal" key="ox"><w lemma="βουθυσία"><supplied reason="lost">βουθ</supplied>υσίαν</w></name></name> <orig>α</orig><gap reason="lost" extent="unknown" unit="character"/>
					
<lb xml:id="line_3" n="3"/><name type="invocation"><w lemma="μολπή"><supplied reason="lost">μολ</supplied>πὴν</w></name> καὶ <name type="sacrifice"><name type="animal" key="ox"><w lemma="βουθυσία">βουθυσ<supplied reason="lost">ίαν</supplied></w></name></name> <gap reason="lost" extent="unknown" unit="character"/>
					
<lb xml:id="line_4" n="4"/><gap reason="lost" quantity="3" unit="character" precision="low"/><orig><unclear>ν</unclear></orig> <name type="animal" key="generic"><w lemma="ἱερεῖον">ἱερεῖον</w></name> <name type="quality"><name type="age"><w lemma="τέλειος">τέλειον</w></name></name> <gap reason="lost" extent="unknown" unit="character"/> <name type="invocation"><w lemma="μολπή"><supplied reason="lost">μολπὴν</supplied></w></name> <supplied reason="lost">καὶ</supplied>	
					
<lb xml:id="line_5" n="5"/><name type="sacrifice"><name type="animal" key="ox"><w lemma="βουθυσία"><supplied reason="lost">βου</supplied>θυσίαν</w></name></name> καὶ ἐπὶ <orig>τη</orig><gap reason="lost" extent="unknown" unit="character"/>
					
<lb xml:id="line_6" n="6"/><name type="animal" key="generic"><w lemma="ἱερεῖον"><supplied reason="lost">ἱερε</supplied>ῖον</w></name> <name type="age"><w lemma="τέλειος">τέλειον</w></name>· <space quantity="1" unit="character"/> <num value="24">δκʹ</num> <space quantity="1" unit="character"/> <orig>Π</orig><gap reason="lost" extent="unknown" unit="character"/> <w lemma="μολπή"><supplied reason="lost">μολπὴν</supplied></w>
					
<lb xml:id="line_7" n="7"/><supplied reason="lost">καὶ</supplied> <name type="sacrifice"><name type="animal" key="ox"><w lemma="βουθυσία"><supplied reason="lost">β</supplied>ουθυσίαν</w></name></name>· <w lemma="ὅμοιος">ὁμοίως</w> <gap reason="lost" extent="unknown" unit="character"/>
					
<lb xml:id="line_8" n="8"/><w lemma="μολπή"><supplied reason="lost">μο</supplied>λπὴν</w> καὶ <name type="sacrifice"><name type="animal" key="ox"><w lemma="βουθυσία">βουθυσίαν</w></name></name> <gap reason="lost" extent="unknown" unit="character"/>
					
<lb xml:id="line_9" n="9"/><gap reason="lost" quantity="3" unit="character" precision="low"/><orig>σι</orig> τοῦ <name type="deity" key="generic"><w lemma="θεός">θεοῦ</w></name> <name type="sacrifice"><w lemma="θύω">θύε<supplied reason="lost">ιν</supplied></w></name> <gap reason="lost" extent="unknown" unit="character"/> <supplied reason="lost">καὶ</supplied>
					
<lb xml:id="line_10" n="10"/><name type="genericOffering"><w lemma="παρασκευάζω"><supplied reason="lost">παρ</supplied>ασκευάζειν</w></name> <gap reason="lost" extent="unknown" unit="character"/>
					
                  <lb/><gap reason="lost" extent="unknown" unit="line"/>
                  
				</ab>

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				<head>Translation</head>
<p> [... and a <foreign>molpe</foreign> and] a bovine sacrifice [...] a <foreign>molpe</foreign> and a bovine sacrifice [...] an adult sacrificial animal [... a <foreign>molpe</foreign> and] (5) a bovine sacrifice and to/on [...] an adult sacrificial animal. On the 24th of P[... a <foreign>molpe</foreign> and] a bovine sacrifice. In the same way [...] a <foreign>molpe</foreign> and a bovine sacrifice [...] of the god to sacrifice [... and] (10) prepare [...].</p> 
				
			</div>
			<div type="translation" xml:lang="fre">
				<head>Translation</head>
<p>[... et une <foreign>molpe</foreign> et] un sacrifice de bovin [...] une <foreign>molpe</foreign> et un sacrifice de bovin [...] un animal sacrificiel adulte [... une <foreign>molpe</foreign> et] (5) un sacrifice de bovin et vers/sur [...] un animal sacrificiel adulte. Le 24 P[... une <foreign>molpe</foreign> et] un sacrifice de bovin. De même [...] une <foreign>molpe</foreign> et un sacrifice de bovin [...] du dieu sacrifier [... et] (10) préparer [...].</p>
							</div>
			<div type="commentary">

				<head>Commentary</head>

<p>Found in the sanctuary of Zeus and Hera at Panamara, this formulaic inscription was consistently associated in past scholarship with another document from the sanctuary (cf. <ref target="http://cgrn.ulg.ac.be/CGRN_192/">CGRN 192</ref>), but the two blocks have convincingly been dissociated by van Bremen (see also above on Support). The present inscription is the only one of the pair that could belong to the category of sacrificial calendars (an identification also favoured by Sokolowski). The text principally prescribes a list of recurring offerings of songs or dances, alongside sacrifices of oxen and other animals. The exact nature of the inscription remains unclear, although both the repetitive character of the offerings and the probable date mentioned in line 6 support the idea that it could be a sacrificial calendar. As Sokolowski notes, several festivals are known to have been celebrated at Panamara: the Panamareia, the major festival of Zeus Panamaros; the Komyria, involving rites of maturation for young boys; and the Heraia (apparently the subject of <ref target="http://cgrn.ulg.ac.be/CGRN_192/">CGRN 192</ref>, line 6); see Laumonier for further discussion. However, the absence of names of festivals or precise divine recipients (but cf. line 9) in this inscription does not allow us to consider any one of these festivals in particular.</p> 

<p>Line 1: The μολπή is a sacred song or a rhythmic dance accompanied by a song (cf. <bibl type="abbr" n="LSJ">LSJ</bibl> s.v.). While a common term in literary and poetic texts, μολπή is rarely found in epigraphic sources. There do not seem to be any other occurrences of this specific term in a sacrificial context, while this is repeatedly the case here. At Miletos, however, the association of song/dance and sacrifice is particularly conspicuous in the role of the Molpoi, whose name is clearly derived from the verbs μέλπω/μολπεύω: cf. the  list of their eponymous officials (<bibl type="abbr" n="Milet I.3">Milet I.3</bibl> 122, from 523/2 to 313/2 BC) and see esp. <ref target="http://cgrn.ulg.ac.be/CGRN_201/">CGRN 201</ref> for a dossier of the Molpoi concerning cults at Miletos and Didyma, with line 20 in particular mentioning a μολπόν, possibly to be interpreted as a ritual occasion involving music and song.</p>
  
<p>Line 2: The noun βουθυσία literally refers to the sacrifice of one or multiple bovine animals. This could, for example, include the sacrifice of a bull (Dunant - Pouilloux, p. 192, line 26: βουθυτεῖσθαι (...) ταύρους μὴ [νεωτέρους τρ]ιῶν ἐτῶν) or other members of this species. In literary texts, βουθυτεῖν can also have the more general meaning “sacrifice” (<bibl type="abbr" n="LSJ">LSJ</bibl> s.v.); cf. Ar. <title>Plut.</title> 819: καὶ νῦν ὁ δεσπότης μὲν ἔνδον βουθυτεῖ ὗν καὶ τράγον καὶ κριὸν ἐστεφανωμένος. The verb βουθυτεῖν is attested in a dedication to Zeus Panamaros found at Panamara, though with no  mention of the specific sacrificed animal (<bibl type="abbr" n="I.Stratonikeia">I.Stratonikeia</bibl> 160).</p>
					
<p>Line 4: The regulations for the Heraia at Panamara (<ref target="http://cgrn.ulg.ac.be/CGRN_192/">CGRN 192</ref>) also prescribe an adult sacrificial animal, but these generic animals are widespread in Greek ritual norms (see Pitz). Such a sacrifice recurs in line 6.</p> 
				
<p>Line 6: Hatzfeld suggests reading a date followed by the name of a month in the lacuna here: P[anamos]. A date, marking a new rubric in a sacrificial calendar, is a convincing possibility because the numeral appears to be indicated by a horizontal stroke inscribed above the letters (δ̄κ̄) and this is carefully separated from what precedes and follows by some empty space. The order of the numerals is reversed, δκ′ instead of κδ′, which is common in late Hellenistic or Imperial inscriptions. In the Rhodian calendar, which was used at Panamara during part of the Hellenistic period, Panamos (in Hatzfeld's hypothesis) is the last month of the year and occurs in the summertime (July/August), immediately before Dalios, the first month: cf. <ref target="http://cgrn.ulg.ac.be/CGRN_110/">CGRN 110</ref> from Kamiros. Considering the date of the inscription, it is also possible that, instead of the Rhodian calendar, the Macedonian calendar was the one used in the area of Stratonikeia at this
time. In this calendar, P[anemos] would then fall in ca. June; yet, in this calendar, the month P[eritios] (February/March) would also remain an alternative restoration. On the Macedonian calendar, see Trümpy with further references. In any case, it is difficult to be sure whether the name of a month must actually be restored here.</p>
					
<p>Lines 7-10: Hatzfeld has put forward the suggestion that from line 7 onwards the inscription turns to consider the Heraia, moving away from a festival discussed in the first part of the inscription. However, this hypothesis is largely based on the mention of the Heraia in <ref target="http://cgrn.ulg.ac.be/CGRN_192/">CGRN 192</ref>, line 6, which used to be read together with this inscription. Instead, the last extant lines appear to consider an occasion involving a male god ([...]σι τοῦ θεοῦ), almost certainly Zeus Panamaros.</p> 
				

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