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<title><idno type="filename">CGRN 110</idno>: Excerpt from the <rs type="textType" key="sacrificial calendar">sacrificial calendar</rs> at Kamiros (concerning sacrifices to Helios)</title>
<author>Jan-Mathieu Carbon</author>
<author>Saskia Peels</author>
<author>Vinciane Pirenne-Delforge</author></titleStmt>
<publicationStmt>
<authority>Collection of Greek Ritual Norms, F.R.S.-FNRS Project no. 2.4561.12, University of Liège.</authority>
<availability>
<p>Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike International License <ref target="http://creativecommons.org/" type="external">4.0</ref>.</p><p>All citation, reuse or distribution of this work must contain somewhere a link back to the DOI (<idno type="DOI">https://doi.org/10.54510/CGRN110</idno>), as well as the year of consultation (see “Home” for details on how to cite or click “Export Citation” to create a reference for this specific file).</p></availability>
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<support><p>Small marble <rs type="objectType">stele</rs>, broken at the bottom.</p>
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<height unit="cm">17</height>
<width unit="cm">19.5</width>
<depth unit="cm">6</depth>
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<layout><p>Letters: <height unit="cm">1.1</height>.</p>
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<p><origDate notBefore="-0300" notAfter="-0200">ca. 300-200 BC</origDate></p>
<p><desc>Justification: early to mid-Hellenistic lettering (Pugliese Carratelli).</desc></p>
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<provenance><p><placeName type="ancientFindspot" key="Kamiros" n="Aegean_Islands"><ref target="http://pleiades.stoa.org/places/589836" type="external">Kamiros</ref></placeName>, on the island of Rhodes. Now in the Museum of Rhodes.</p>
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<language ident="eng">English</language>
<language ident="grc">Ancient Greek</language>
<language ident="lat">Latin</language>
<language ident="fre">French</language>
<language ident="ger">German</language>
<language ident="gre">Modern Greek</language>
<language ident="ita">Italian</language>
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<change>Revised by XX in 20XX.</change>
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<div type="bibliography">
<head>Bibliography</head>
<p>Edition here based on Pugliese Carratelli <bibl type="abbr" n="Tit.Cam.">Tit.Cam.</bibl> 152.</p>
<p>Cf. also: Sokolowski <bibl type="abbr" n="LSS">LSS</bibl> 97; <bibl type="author_date" n="Badoud 2015">Badoud 2015</bibl>: 446-447, TRI no. 67 with ph.</p>
<p>Further bibliography: <bibl type="author_date" n="Segre 1951">Segre 1951</bibl>;
<bibl type="author_date" n="Badoud 2015">Badoud 2015</bibl>: 11-35;
<bibl type="author_date" n="Iversen 2017">Iversen 2017</bibl>: 192-197;
<bibl type="author_date" n="Carbon forthc.">Carbon forthc.</bibl></p>
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<head>Text</head>
<ab>
<lb xml:id="line_1" n="1"/><name type="month"><w lemma="Δάλιος">Δαλίου</w></name> <w lemma="νουμηνία">νευμηνίαι</w>
<lb xml:id="line_2" n="2"/> <name type="deity" key="Helios"><w lemma="ἥλιος">Ἁλίωι</w></name> <name type="animal" key="ox"><name type="gender"><w lemma="βοῦς">βοῦν</w></name></name> <name type="colour1"><w lemma="λευκός">λευκὸν</w></name>
<lb xml:id="line_3" n="3"/>ἢ <name type="colour1"><w lemma="πυρρός">πυρρόν</w></name>, <w lemma="εἰκάς">ἰκάδι</w> <name type="animal" key="ox"><w lemma="βοῦς">βοῦν</w></name>
<lb xml:id="line_4" n="4"/><name type="colour1"><w lemma="λευκός">λευκὸν</w></name> ἢ <name type="colour1"><w lemma="πυρρός">πυρρὸν</w></name>
<lb xml:id="line_5" n="5"/><name type="title"><w lemma="δημιουργός">δαμιουργὸς</w></name> <name type="sacrifice"><w lemma="θύω">θύει</w></name>.
<lb xml:id="line_6" n="6"/><name type="month"><w lemma="Πάναμος">Πανάμου</w></name> <w lemma="εἴσω">ἔσω</w> <w lemma="εἰκάς">ἰκά
<lb xml:id="line_7" n="7" break="no"/>δος</w> <name type="animal" key="goat"><w lemma="αἴξ">αἴγας</w></name> <w lemma="τρεῖς">τρεῖς</w>
<lb xml:id="line_8" n="8"/><name type="personnel"><w lemma="ἱεροποιός">ἰεροποιοὶ</w></name> <name type="sacrifice"><w lemma="θύω">θύ<unclear>ον</unclear><supplied reason="lost">τι</supplied></w></name>
<lb xml:id="line_9" n="9"/><unclear>καὶ</unclear> <w lemma="unclear"><unclear>ἰερ</unclear></w><gap reason="lost" extent="unknown" unit="character"/>
<lb/><gap reason="lost" extent="unknown" unit="line"/>
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<div type="translation" xml:lang="eng">
<head>Translation</head>
<p>On the 1st of the month Dalios, (5) to Helios, an ox, white or tawny; the <foreign>demiourgos</foreign> sacrifices it; on the 20th, an ox, white or tawny.</p>
<p>Within (i.e. before) the 20th of Panamos, three goats; the <foreign>hieropoioi</foreign> sacrifice them; and [...]</p>
</div>
<div type="translation" xml:lang="fre">
<head>Traduction</head>
<p>Le 1er du mois de Dalios, (5) à Hélios un boeuf, blanc ou fauve; le démiurge le sacrifie ; le 20 : un boeuf, blanc ou fauve.</p>
<p>Avant le 20 Panamos, trois caprins; les hiéropes les sacrifient; et [...]</p>
</div>
<div type="commentary">
<head>Commentary</head>
<p>The inscription is one of a large number of extracts from a sacrificial calendar inscribed or recodified in the late Classical or early Hellenistic period and disseminated at various local sanctuaries, presumably as punctual reminders and short regulations in and of themselves (for the early beginning of such excerpts, cf. here <ref target="CGRN_62">CGRN 62</ref> and <ref target="CGRN_63">CGRN 63</ref>, both from Lindos). The excerpts perhaps come from the general sacrificial calendar of the unified city of Rhodes or perhaps equally probably from that of Kamiros itself. See e.g. <ref target="CGRN_109">CGRN 109</ref> for further examples from Kamiros; e.g. <ref target="CGRN_115">CGRN 115</ref> for others from Lindos. For a general discussion of these excerpts, see Segre and Carbon forthc.</p>
<p>Here, the excerpt concerns rites for Helios, presumably at the principal sanctuary of this god at Kamiros.</p>
<p>Lines 1-5: The first of Dalios is perhaps to be identified with a major celebration at Kamiros in honour of several gods, also Athena Polias (<ref target="http://cgrn.ulg.ac.be/CGRN_109/">CGRN 109</ref>) and the Muses with Mnemosyne (<ref target="http://cgrn.ulg.ac.be/CGRN_113/">CGRN 113</ref>). The Dalia is a good possibility, and the role of the δαμιουργός here as the principal sacrificial agent confirms the importance of the celebration for the local community and the polity as a whole, since he was the most important civic magistrate at Kamiros (he is also frequently associated with the ἰεροποιοί, cf. <bibl type="abbr" n="Tit.Cam.">Tit.Cam.</bibl> 9-16). An analogous celebration is to take place later, before the 20th of the same month. In the reconstruction of the Rhodian calendar refined by Badoud and generally adopted here (for a different view, see Iversen), Dalios was the first month of the year (ca. August/September). The month of Dalios happened near the end of summer, which can seasonally be reckoned to be an appropriate time to worship the sun. On both occasions, the god receives an ox whose colour is prescribed as a choice between white and tawny. Specifications of the colour of sacrificial animals are rare in ritual norms. Blackness is sometimes emphasised in certain sacrifices (cf. here <ref target="http://cgrn.ulg.ac.be/CGRN_32/">CGRN 32</ref>, line 34, from Thorikos). Here, by contrast, the underlying notion of the colour choice seems the concern to offer an animal with a light and non-black appearance, which aptly echoes the brightness which is a quality of the Sun god (cp. also <ref target="http://cgrn.ulg.ac.be/CGRN_117/">CGRN 117</ref>, lines 5-6, for a similar sacrifice to Helios at Lindos, on the 14th of Hyakinthios).</p>
<p>Lines 6-9: Panamos also takes place in the summertime (immediately before Dalios in the standard Rhodian calendar). Instead of a specific date, a deadline of the 20th or of the first two decades of the month is prescribed; cf. <bibl type="abbr" n="LSJ">LSJ</bibl> s.v. εἴσω (II; though this usage occurs usually in later sources). Neither the sacrifice of three goats (probably he-goats to a male god) performed by the ἰεροποιοί (and perhaps others, line 9) nor the reason for this dating are otherwise known.</p>
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