CGRN 181

Purity regulation from an unknown sanctuary at Eresos

Date :

2nd - beginning of 1st century BC

Justification: lettering (Kretschmer, Chandezon).

Provenance

Eresos , on the island of Lesbos. Current location unknown.

Support

Marble stele, broken on top and on the left.

  • Height: 99 cm
  • Width: 44 cm
  • Depth: unknown

Layout

Small empty spaces separate clauses and/or correspond to punctuation. Lines 21-22 seem to have been added later (Chandezon).

Letters: 1 cm high.

Bibliography

Edition here based on Hiller von Gaertringen, IG XII.Suppl. 126. Note additionally that: - in line 4, we adopt Sokolowski's excellent restoration; - in line 6, we do not accept the repetition of τετό]κοισαν (cf. line 8) adopted by Hiller and instead propose a new restoration (see below; Commentary).

Other editions: Kretschmer 1902: no. 1; Paton 1902.

Cf. also: Ziehen LGS II 117; Sokolowski LSCG 124.

Further bibliography: Lazaridis 1969: 137; Parker 1983: 354-355; Borgeaud 1996: 119-120; Chandezon 2003: no. 36. Graf 2007: 108-109; Brulé 2012: 138-147; Brøns 2017: 332-335.

Text


[..?..]
[..?..]ς εἰστείχην εὐσέβεας
vacat ἀπὸ μὲν κάδεος ἰδίω
[περιμένν]αντας ἀμέραις εἴκοσι· ἀπὸ δὲ
[ἀλλοτρί]ω ἀμέραις τρεῖς λοεσσάμενον·
5 [ἀπὸ δὲ ...]ατω v ἀμέραις δέκα· v αὔταν δὲ
[vvv τὰν ἐκτέτρω]κοισαν ἀμέραις τεσσαράκοντα·
[ἀπὸ δὲ ...]τω ἀμέραις τρεῖς· v αὔταν δὲ τ[ὰν]
[vvv τε]τόκοισαν v ἀμέραις δέκα·
[ἀπὸ δὲ γ]ύναικος αὐτάμερον λοεσσάμενον·
10 [...6...] δὲ μὴ εἰστείχην vv μηδὲ προδόταις.
[μὴ εἰσ]τείχην δὲ μηδὲ γάλλοις v μηδὲ
[vvv γύ]ναικες γαλλάζην ἐν τῶ τεμένει·
[vvv μ]ὴ εἰσφέρην δὲ μηδὲ ὄπλα πολεμιστήρι[α]
[vvv] μηδὲ θνασίδιον· vacat
15 [μη]δὲ εἰς τὸν ναῦον εἰσφέρην v σίδαρον
vvv μηδὲ χάλκον πλὰν νομίσματος
vvv μηδὲ ὐπόδεσιν μηδὲ ἄλλο δέρμα
vvv μῆδεν. vv μὴ εἰστείχην δὲ μηδὲ γύ[ναικ]α
vvv εἰς τὸν ναῦον v πλὰν τᾶς ἰρέας
20 καὶ τᾶς προφήτιδος. vacat
vacat
[μὴ πο]τίζην δὲ μηδὲ κτήνεα μηδὲ βοσκήματα
ἐν τῶ τεμένει. vacat

Translation

[...] enter being pious: from the funeral of a family member, [having purified themselves], after twenty days; from [(the funeral) of a non-relative], after three days, having washed himself; (5) [from a ...], after ten days; the woman [who has had an abortion], after forty days; [from a ...], after three days; the woman who has given birth, after ten days; [from] a woman, on the same day, having washed himself. (10) [ ...] nor traitors shall (be allowed) to enter; galloi shall not enter either; women shall not perform rituals of galloi in the precinct; bring in no weapons of war nor animal carcass; (15) bring into the temple neither iron nor bronze, except coins, not footwear, and not any other leather; no women shall enter the temple, except the priestess (20) and the prophetess. Do not give water to drink to flocks or pasture animals in the precinct.

Traduction

[...] entrer en état de pureté : des funérailles d'un parent, après s'être [purifiés], après vingt jours; des (funérailles) [d'un non-familier], après trois jours, après s'être lavé; (5) [de ...], après dix jours; celle [qui a avorté], après quarante jours; [de ...], après trois jours; celle qui a accouché, après dix jours; [d'une] femme, le jour même, après s'être lavé; (10) [...] les traîtres ne doivent pas entrer; les galles ne doivent pas entrer non plus; les femmes ne doivent pas accomplir les rites des galles dans l'enceinte; n'introduire ni armes de guerre ni carcasse animale; (15) n'introduire dans le temple ni fer ni bronze, sauf de la monnaie, ni sandale, ni aucune autre peau; aucune femme ne doit entrer dans le temple, sauf la prêtresse (20) et la prophétesse. N’abreuver ni petit ni gros bétail dans l'enceinte.

Commentary

This is one of many texts in the present Collection regarding the conditions of purity for people entering a sanctuary. As in CGRN 212 (Pergamon) and in CGRN 144 (Ptolemais), the three sources of pollution first mentioned are contact with the dead during funerals (lines 2-4), childbirth (5-8), and sexual intercourse (9). The second part of the regulation (lines 10-22) concerns the absolute exclusion of some categories of people (cult personnel or worshippers of Kybele, lines 11-12; women from the temple with the exception of the female cult personnel, lines 18-20), objects (especially those made of metal or leather, lines 13-17), and also specific practices (e.g. watering cattle, lines 22-23).

The context of the sanctuary mentioned and concerned by this regulation remains unclear: it is not known which deity or which cult was involved. The presence of a priestess would suggest a goddess (so Sokolowski); cf. also Ziehen for speculations about the identification of the deity in question: Apollon Eresios (first suggested by Kretschmer) or indeed a goddess. Additionally, the reference to a prophetess (line 20) would suggest some form of oracular cult (cf. Graf, p. 111, who further draws a parallel with the Asklepieion of Pergamon).

Lines 2-4: The phrase ἀπὸ ἰδίω κάδεος clearly refers to attendance and probably direct participation in the funeral of a close relative (Kretschmer, followed by Graf). Accordingly, the restoration of the beginning of line 4 should in all likelihood be the further case of a funeral of a non-relative: ἀλλότριω (as Sokolowski already suggested). For a direct parallel, a purity regulation that distinguishes between these two kinds of funeral care, see here CGRN 189 (Lykosoura).

Lines 5-8: These lines seem to distinguish between abortion (if our restoration at the beginning of line 6 is correct) and childbirth, and they specify the amount of days of waiting for the mother herself as well as for those who have been in contact with her or the newborn (it remains unclear which is meant). At Ptolemais (CGRN 144, lines 7 and 13), we find precisely the same delay in effect: forty days for an abortion (and perhaps ten days for a woman who has given birth and is breastfeeding).

Line 10: Despite the conjunction μὴ ... μηδέ, this part of the regulation does not seem to introduce two categories of exclusion, but only one (cp. line 18, where γύναικα is the only subject accusative of same conjunction; differently, Sokolowski thinks of restoring [φονέας], murderers, at the beginning of the line). One might then think the restoration should be ἱερόν, since other sections of the text also specify an area within the sanctuary, whether the precinct as a whole or the shrine itself (ἐν τῶ τεμένει, lines 12 and 22, and εἰς τὸν ναῦον in line 19). The datives προδόταις and γάλλοις in lines 10-11 are somewhat enigmatic, but one might presume an implied ἔξεστω. About traitors in this type of purity regulations, cf. Graf, who adduces LSS 91, line 19.

Lines 11-12: On the γάλλοι, worshippers and/or priests of the goddess, cf. Borgeaud, who makes the assumption that the Greek word γάλλος was borrowed from the Latin gallus after the introduction of the cult of Kybele in Rome at the end of the 3rd century BC. Indeed, the first occurrences of the word in Greek do not antedate this period (cf. also the γάλλος βασιλικός in Lazaridis, p. 137, a text from Amphipolis, of the end of 3rd or beginning of 2nd century BC). The verb γαλλάζην is a hapax legomenon in epigraphy (only one occurrence in late literature, by Ephrem the Syrian, De panoplia, ad monachos, p. 12 ed. Phrantzoles) and might also have been borrowed from the Latin gallare. It is unclear whether the verb refers precisely to the cult of Kybele or if it is used to designate other potentially "non-mainstream" or pejoratively valued religious practices (see Graf).

Lines 13-18: On the ban of metal objects from sanctuaries, cf. here CGRN 126 (Lykosoura), lines 4 and 7, and CGRN 148 (Kos), lines 50-57. On the polluting role of a carcass (θνασίδιον), presumably here from an animal that has not been sacrificed in the cult, cf. again CGRN 148 (Kos), line 26. For the forbidding of footwear, cf. again CGRN 126 (Lykosoura), lines 4-5, and CGRN 90 (Ialysos), lines 24-27. In addition to shoes and sandals, the phrase ἄλλο δέρμα appears to refer to any other object made of leather. For some of these and other proscriptive clothing regulations in sanctuaries, see Brøns.

Lines 18-19: On exclusions of women, cf. CGRN 33 (Elateia), Commentary.

Lines 22-23: Sokolowski's proposed restoration [μὴ λω]τίζην does not make clear sense. For [μὴ πο]τίζην, which suggests that there was a source or a fountain inside the precinct from which one might be tempted to water animals, cf. Chandezon. On the prohibition against the presence of animals within the temenos, cf. here e.g. CGRN 154 (Ialysos), and also other inscriptions beyond the scope of the present Collection: LSCG 91 and 116, LSS 51, and SEG 48, 1037. For further discussion, cf. Brulé.

Publication

Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike International License 4.0 .

All citation, reuse or distribution of this work must contain somewhere a link back to the DOI (https://doi.org/10.54510/CGRN181), as well as the year of consultation (see “Home” for details on how to cite or click “Export Citation” to create a reference for this specific file).

Authors

  • Jan-Mathieu Carbon
  • Sylvain Lebreton
  • Saskia Peels

How To Cite

Brief citation of the Greek text : CGRN 181, lines x-x.

Reference to the file as a critical study of the inscription : Jan-Mathieu Carbon, Sylvain Lebreton et Saskia Peels, "CGRN 181: Purity regulation from an unknown sanctuary at Eresos", in Collection of Greek Ritual Norms (CGRN), 2017-, consulted on April 19, 2024. URL: http://cgrn.ulg.ac.be/file/181/; DOI: https://doi.org/10.54510/CGRN181.

Full citation of the CGRN in a list of abbreviations or a bibliography is the following : Jan-Mathieu Carbon, Saskia Peels-Matthey, Vinciane Pirenne-Delforge, Collection of Greek Ritual Norms (CGRN), 2017-, consulted on April 19, 2024. URL: http://cgrn.ulg.ac.be; DOI: https://doi.org/10.54510/CGRN0. 

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	    			<author>Jan-Mathieu Carbon</author>
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	    			<head>Bibliography</head>
	  
	    			<p> Edition here based on Hiller von Gaertringen, <bibl type="abbr" n="IG XII.Suppl.">IG XII.Suppl.</bibl> 126. Note additionally that: - in line 4, we adopt Sokolowski's excellent restoration; - in line 6, we do not accept the repetition of τετό]κοισαν (cf. line 8) adopted by Hiller and instead propose a new restoration (see below; Commentary). </p>
	    			
	    			<p> Other editions:                   
	    				<bibl type="author_date" n="Kretschmer 1902">Kretschmer 1902</bibl>: no. 1;
	    				<bibl type="author_date" n="Paton 1902">Paton 1902</bibl>.</p>
	    			
	    			<p> Cf. also:
	    				Ziehen <bibl type="abbr" n="LGS II">LGS II</bibl> 117; 
	    				Sokolowski <bibl type="abbr" n="LSCG">LSCG</bibl> 124.</p>
	    			
	    			<p> Further bibliography: 
	    	<bibl type="author_date" n="Lazaridis 1969">Lazaridis 1969</bibl>: 137;			
	    	<bibl type="author_date" n="Parker 1983">Parker 1983</bibl>: 354-355;			
	    	<bibl type="author_date" n="Borgeaud 1996">Borgeaud 1996</bibl>: 119-120;
	    	<bibl type="author_date" n="Chandezon 2003">Chandezon 2003</bibl>: no. 36.
	    	<bibl type="author_date" n="Graf 2007">Graf 2007</bibl>: 108-109;		
	    	<bibl type="author_date" n="Brulé 2012">Brulé 2012</bibl>: 138-147;
	    	<bibl type="author_date" n="Brøns 2017">Brøns 2017</bibl>: 332-335.</p>
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					<head>Translation</head>
					
<p> [...] enter being pious: from the funeral of a family member, [having purified themselves], after twenty days; from [(the funeral) of a non-relative], after three days, having washed himself; (5) [from a ...], after ten days; the woman [who has had an abortion], after forty days; [from a ...], after three days; the woman who has given birth, after ten days; [from] a woman, on the same day, having washed himself. (10) [ ...] nor traitors shall (be allowed) to enter; <foreign>galloi</foreign> shall not enter either; women shall not perform rituals of <foreign>galloi</foreign> in the precinct; bring in no weapons of war nor animal carcass; (15) bring into the temple neither iron nor bronze, except coins, not footwear, and not any other leather; no women shall enter the temple, except the priestess (20) and the prophetess. Do not give water to drink to flocks or pasture animals in the precinct.</p>
					</div>
	    		
				<div type="translation" xml:lang="fre">
					<head>Traduction</head>
					
<p> [...] entrer en état de pureté : des funérailles d'un parent, après s'être [purifiés], après vingt jours; des (funérailles) [d'un non-familier], après trois jours, après s'être lavé; (5) [de ...], après dix jours; celle [qui a avorté], après quarante jours; [de ...], après trois jours; celle qui a accouché, après dix jours; [d'une] femme, le jour même, après s'être lavé; (10)  [...] les traîtres ne doivent pas entrer; les galles ne doivent pas entrer non plus; les femmes ne doivent pas accomplir les rites des galles dans l'enceinte; n'introduire ni armes de guerre ni carcasse animale; (15) n'introduire dans le temple ni fer ni bronze, sauf de la monnaie, ni sandale, ni aucune autre peau; aucune femme ne doit entrer dans le temple, sauf la prêtresse (20) et la prophétesse. N’abreuver ni petit ni gros bétail dans l'enceinte.</p>
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<p>This is one of many texts in the present Collection regarding the conditions of purity for people entering a sanctuary. As in <ref target="http://cgrn.ulg.ac.be/CGRN_212/">CGRN 212</ref> (Pergamon) and in <ref target="http://cgrn.ulg.ac.be/CGRN_144/">CGRN 144</ref> (Ptolemais), the three sources of pollution first mentioned are contact with the dead during funerals (lines 2-4), childbirth (5-8), and sexual intercourse (9). The second part of the regulation (lines 10-22) concerns the absolute exclusion of some categories of people (cult personnel or worshippers of Kybele, lines 11-12; women from the temple with the exception of the female cult personnel, lines 18-20), objects (especially those made of metal or leather, lines 13-17), and also specific practices (e.g. watering cattle, lines 22-23).</p>
						
<p>The context of the sanctuary mentioned and concerned by this regulation remains unclear: it is not known which deity or which cult was involved. The presence of a priestess would suggest a goddess (so Sokolowski); cf. also Ziehen for speculations about the identification of the deity in question: Apollon Eresios (first suggested by Kretschmer) or indeed a goddess. Additionally, the reference to a prophetess (line 20) would suggest some form of oracular cult (cf. Graf, p. 111, who further draws a parallel with the Asklepieion of Pergamon).</p>
	
<p> Lines 2-4: The phrase ἀπὸ ἰδίω κάδεος clearly refers to attendance and probably direct participation in the funeral of a close relative (Kretschmer, followed by Graf). Accordingly, the restoration of the beginning of line 4 should in all likelihood be the further case of a funeral of a non-relative: ἀλλότριω (as Sokolowski already suggested). For a direct parallel, a purity regulation that distinguishes between these two kinds of funeral care, see here <ref target="http://cgrn.ulg.ac.be/CGRN_189/">CGRN 189</ref> (Lykosoura).</p>
							
<p> Lines 5-8: These lines seem to distinguish between abortion (if our restoration at the beginning of line 6 is correct) and childbirth, and they specify the amount of days of waiting for the mother herself as well as for those who have been in contact with her or the newborn (it remains unclear which is meant). At Ptolemais (<ref target="http://cgrn.ulg.ac.be/CGRN_144/">CGRN 144</ref>, lines 7 and 13), we find precisely the same delay in effect: forty days for an abortion (and perhaps ten days for a woman who has given birth and is breastfeeding).</p>
	
<p> Line 10: Despite the conjunction μὴ ... μηδέ, this part of the regulation does not seem to introduce two categories of exclusion, but only one (cp. line 18, where γύναικα is the only subject accusative of same conjunction; differently, Sokolowski thinks of restoring [φονέας], murderers, at the beginning of the line). One might then think the restoration should be ἱερόν, since other sections of the text also specify an area within the sanctuary, whether the precinct as a whole or the shrine itself (ἐν τῶ τεμένει, lines 12 and 22, and εἰς τὸν ναῦον in line 19). The datives προδόταις and γάλλοις in lines 10-11 are somewhat enigmatic, but one might presume an implied ἔξεστω. About traitors in this type of purity regulations, cf. Graf, who adduces <bibl type="abbr" n="LSS">LSS</bibl> 91, line 19.</p>
							
<p> Lines 11-12: On the γάλλοι, worshippers and/or priests of the goddess, cf. Borgeaud, who makes the assumption that the Greek word γάλλος was borrowed from the Latin <foreign>gallus</foreign> after the introduction of the cult of Kybele in Rome at the end of the 3rd century BC. Indeed, the first occurrences of the word in Greek do not antedate this period (cf. also the γάλλος βασιλικός in Lazaridis, p. 137, a text from Amphipolis, of the end of 3rd or beginning of 2nd century BC). The verb γαλλάζην is a <foreign>hapax legomenon</foreign> in epigraphy (only one occurrence in late literature, by Ephrem the Syrian, <title>De panoplia, ad monachos</title>, p. 12 ed. Phrantzoles) and might also have been borrowed from the Latin <foreign>gallare</foreign>. It is unclear whether the verb refers precisely to the cult of Kybele or if it is used to designate other potentially "non-mainstream" or pejoratively valued religious practices (see Graf).</p>
							
<p> Lines 13-18: On the ban of metal objects from sanctuaries, cf. here <ref target="http://cgrn.ulg.ac.be/CGRN_126/">CGRN 126</ref> (Lykosoura), lines 4 and 7, and <ref target="http://cgrn.ulg.ac.be/CGRN_148/">CGRN 148</ref> (Kos), lines 50-57. On the polluting role of a carcass (θνασίδιον), presumably here from an animal that has not been sacrificed in the cult, cf. again <ref target="http://cgrn.ulg.ac.be/CGRN_148/">CGRN 148</ref> (Kos), line 26. For the forbidding of footwear, cf. again <ref target="http://cgrn.ulg.ac.be/CGRN_126/">CGRN 126</ref> (Lykosoura), lines 4-5, and <ref target="http://cgrn.ulg.ac.be/CGRN_90/">CGRN 90</ref> (Ialysos), lines 24-27. In addition to shoes and sandals, the phrase ἄλλο δέρμα appears to refer to any other object made of leather. For some of these and other proscriptive clothing regulations in sanctuaries, see Brøns.</p>
	
<p> Lines 18-19: On exclusions of women, cf. <ref target="http://cgrn.ulg.ac.be/CGRN_33/">CGRN 33</ref> (Elateia), Commentary.</p>
						
<p> Lines 22-23: Sokolowski's proposed restoration [μὴ λω]τίζην does not make clear sense. For [μὴ πο]τίζην, which suggests that there was a source or a fountain inside the precinct from which one might be tempted to water animals, cf. Chandezon. On the prohibition against the presence of animals within the <foreign>temenos</foreign>, cf. here e.g. <ref target="http://cgrn.ulg.ac.be/CGRN_154/">CGRN 154</ref> (Ialysos), and also other inscriptions beyond the scope of the present Collection: <bibl type="abbr" n="LSCG">LSCG</bibl> 91 and 116, <bibl type="abbr" n="LSS">LSS</bibl> 51, and <bibl type="abbr" n="SEG">SEG</bibl> 48, 1037. For further discussion, cf. Brulé.</p>


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