CGRN 100

Contract (?) for the priest of Apollo (Delphinios) at Miletos

Date :

ca. 300-275 BC

Justification: lettering and preservation of Ionic dialect (Ehrhardt).

Provenance

Miletos . Found built into the stage building of the theatre (exact contextual date unknown due to many reworkings of this structure). Now in the Louvre Museum (inv. no. Ma 2803).

Support

Rectangular marble block, broken above and below; slightly broken on the left but mostly intact on the right.

  • Height: 25 cm
  • Width: 112 cm
  • Depth: 19.5 cm

Layout

Letters: 15 mm high.

Bibliography

Edition here based on Ehrhardt Milet VI.3 1221, with ph. pl. 23 (following an autoptic revision of the stone by P. Herrmann in 1981), with commentary and further references.

Cf. also: SEG 15, 678; Sokolowski LSAM 46.

Further bibliography: Puttkammer 1912: 5 and 11; Herda 2006: 213-214; Carbon 2013b: 29.

Text


[..?..]
[...c.5..]ντων, λαμβάνειν δὲ τὰ δέρματα κ[αὶ] τὰ ἄλλα γέρεα· ἢν ἓν θ[ύη]ται, λά[ψε]-
[ται γλῶσ]σαν, ὀσφὺν δασέαν, ὤρην· ἢν δὲ πλέω θύηται, λάψεται ἀπ’ ἑκάστου ὀσφὺ[ν]
[δασ]έαν καὶ γλῶσσαν καὶ κωλῆν μίαν ἀπὸ πάντων· καὶ τῶν ἄλλων θεῶν τῶν
[ἐν]τεμενίων ὅσων ἱερᾶται ὁ ἱέρεως, λάψεται τὰ γέρεα τὰ αὐτὰ καὶ κωλῆν ἀντὶ
5[τῆ]ς ὤρης, εἰ ἢμ μὴ βασιλεὺς λαμβάνηι· ἢν δὲ εὐστὸν θύηι ἡ πόλις, λάψεται γλῶσ-
σαν, ὀσφὺν δασέαν, ὤρην· ἢν ξένος ἱεροποιῆι τῶι Ἀπόλλωνι, προϊερᾶσθαι τῶ[ν]
ἀστῶν ὃν ἂν θέληι ὁ ξένος, διδόναι δὲ τῶι ἱερεῖ τὰ γέρεα ἅπερ ἡ πόλις διδοῖ π[άν]-
[τα] χωρὶ[ς] δέρματος· ἢν δὲ τοῖς Ἀπολλωνίοις θύηι ξένος, π[ροϊερᾶσθαι ....c.8....]
[..?..]

Translation

[...], and to receive the skins and the other perquisites. If one (animal) is sacrificed, he will receive the tongue, the continuous sacrum, the foreleg (or tail?). If more (animals) are sacrificed, he will get the continuous sacrum and the tongue from each (animal), and one thigh from among all (the animals). When the priest officiates for the other gods sharing the precinct, he will receive the same perquisites and a thigh instead of (5) the foreleg (or tail?), unless the basileus receives it. If the city sacrifices an animal whose skin has been singed, he will receive the tongue, the continuous sacrum, the foreleg (or tail?). If a foreigner offers a sacrifice to Apollo, whichever citizen the foreigner wishes, is to serve as deputy-priest, and he is to give all the same perquisites to the priest as when the city sacrifices, [except] the skin. If the foreigner sacrifices during the Apollonia, [x is to serve as deputy-priest? ...]

Traduction

[...] de recevoir les peaux et les autres parts d'honneur. Si un seul (animal) est sacrifié, il recevra la langue, le long sacrum, le jarret (ou la queue ?). Si l'on sacrifie plus (d'un animal), qu'il reçoive le long sacrum et la langue, sur chaque (animal), et une seule cuisse sur tous. Quand le prêtre officie pour les autres dieux qui partagent l'enceinte, qu'il reçoive les mêmes parts d'honneur et une cuisse au lieu (5) du jarret (ou la queue ?), sauf si le roi la reçoit. Si la cité sacrifie un animal dont la peau a été roussie, qu'il reçoive la langue, le long sacrum, le jarret (ou la queue ?). Si un étranger offre un sacrifice à Apollon, quel que soit le citoyen que l'étranger choisit pour remplir l'office, qu'on donne au prêtre exactement les parts d'honneur que la cité donnerait, [sauf] la peau. Si c'est lors des Apollonia que sacrifie l'étranger, que [x serve de prêtre suppléant... ?]

Commentary

Though only partially preserved, the regulation is organised much like other contracts for priests. It may be a more general regulation than a contract, but it is worth noting that the practice of sales of priesthood is well-attested at Miletos: cf. CGRN 39, etc. Accordingly, this document may well be a further instance of this type. It presents a series of cases and scenarios which modify the list of habitual perquisites for the priest: there are seven of these cases preserved here (the first and the last one partially). Since line 1 mentions the phrase τὰ ἄλλα γέρεα, the standard perquisites were probably defined in an earlier (now missing) section of the document. A good guess, however, is the usual series of three or four portions which are listed here: the hide or skin in some cases, along with the tongue, the sacrum, and finally a portion called the ὤρη or, alternatively, the thigh. The attribution of these perquisites depends on how many animals are offered, to which gods, and on who is offering the sacrifice (the city, a foreigner).

At any rate, it is clear that the regulation refers to the priesthood of Apollo at Miletos and very likely the priest of Apollo Delphinios, the central figure in the city (cf. Ehrhardt, Herda). There are several indications which support this identification. Apollo is obviously mentioned in line 6, as well as in line 8, where a festival called the Apollonia is cited. Though not attested verbatim at Miletos, this was doubtless a major Apolline festival in the city, perhaps the celebration attested in the stele of Molpoi and taking place in the first month of the calendar (Taureon), cf. CGRN 201, lines 23-24, and/or the festival (ἑορτή) of Apollo which is mentioned in the Archaic sacrificial calendar of Miletos, CGRN 6, lines 12-13. The stele of the Molpoi also associates the official called the basileus with the cult of Apollo Delphinios, as we find here in line 5, and the mention of ἐντεμενίοι θεοί in lines 3-4 makes the identification even more plausible, since a group of such gods is only attested at Miletos in the Delphinion (these gods include Hekate and probably others later such as Zeus Kronion, see Herda, Carbon).

Line 2: For the tongue as a priestly perquisite, see also here e.g. CGRN 36 (Chios), lines 2-3, etc. The ὀσφῦς is a fundamental portion in Greek sacrifice, being often offered on the altar as a burnt offering, and sometimes granted to priests, see e.g. CGRN 42 (Iasos), line 2. Anatomically, it should refer to the sacrum bone, its marrow, and the meat surrounding it (perhaps other vertebrae, portions of the tail, or adjacent bits of the hip). Here, however, the portion is explicitly qualified by the adjective δασύς, which has caused some problems of interpretation (see still Ehrhardt, who translates "mit viel Fleisch"; LSJ s.v. I.1 "shaggy", citing this text). The correct interpretation had already been signalled by Puttkammer (p. 11), citing Hsch. s.v. δάσυ· συνέχες. In other words, the qualification here stipulates the sacrum must be an intact or 'continuous' portion (perhaps 'with a lot of meat', but only in the sense of being butchered as a continuous cut of meat). For other portions of sacrificial meat described as 'continuous' or intact, see LSCG 45, line 5. For the share called ὤρη, see below on lines 4-5.

Line 3: Since the thigh—perhaps deboned and the thighbone offered on the altar for the god—would have been a substantial and valuable portion of meat, the priest only receives a single item from the available legs in the multiple sacrifice. The same specification applies to the granting of a valuable skin to the priest, since this appears to be only granted exceptionally in the regulation.

Lines 4-5: Τhe portion called ὤρη ought to be the Ionian form of a word like ὥρα or ὤρα (so LSJ s.v.). However, this remains obscure, unless it is an alternative form for οὐρά, the tail (but the usual Ionian form for this is οὐρή). The solution is perhaps indicated by the fact that the thigh may be exchanged for the ὤρη, unless the basileus receives this portion in the first place (the basileus presumably received this share only from some of the sacrifices to other gods in the temenos). This would suggest that ὤρη should designate something analogous to a leg, also since schol. ad Hom. Il. 12.89 writes τοὺς γάρ Ἴωνας λέγειν φασὶ τὴν κωλῆν ὥρην {scil. ὤρην} καὶ ὠραίαν (already adduced by Bechtel, cited by Ehrhardt). In other words, more than a tail, it would perhaps be better to think of a foreleg, since ὠραία/ὠραίη ought to mean "first to appear". Another possibility is that raised by Bechtel, who compares Lat. sura, from which it would follow that the word designates the lower leg or calf. On the sacrifice of an animal whose skin was singed or burned (εὐστόν), cp. esp. CGRN 57 (Aixone), lines 6 and 12.

Lines 6-8: The verb προϊεράομαι refers to the appointment and designation of a substitute for the one offering the sacrifice, i.e. a surrogate officiant working with the priest or acting himself as priest. This appears to be particularly necessary in the case of foreigners, who were not themselves entitled to offer a sacrifice, except in name. A citizen is freely chosen as a surrogate and the priest of Apollo presumably still oversees the rites in question. See also here CGRN 41 (Chios), lines 4-5, CGRN 50 (Chios), lines 10-12, and CGRN 138 (Miletos), lines 6-7, other instances from priestly contracts.

Publication

Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike International License 4.0 .

All citation, reuse or distribution of this work must contain somewhere a link back to the DOI (https://doi.org/10.54510/CGRN100), as well as the year of consultation (see “Home” for details on how to cite or click “Export Citation” to create a reference for this specific file).

Authors

  • Jan-Mathieu Carbon
  • Saskia Peels
  • Vinciane Pirenne-Delforge

How To Cite

Brief citation of the Greek text : CGRN 100, lines x-x.

Reference to the file as a critical study of the inscription : Jan-Mathieu Carbon, Saskia Peels et Vinciane Pirenne-Delforge, "CGRN 100: Contract (?) for the priest of Apollo (Delphinios) at Miletos", in Collection of Greek Ritual Norms (CGRN), 2017-, consulted on July 5, 2025. URL: http://cgrn.ulg.ac.be/file/100/; DOI: https://doi.org/10.54510/CGRN100.

Full citation of the CGRN in a list of abbreviations or a bibliography is the following : Jan-Mathieu Carbon, Saskia Peels-Matthey, Vinciane Pirenne-Delforge, Collection of Greek Ritual Norms (CGRN), 2017-, consulted on July 5, 2025. URL: http://cgrn.ulg.ac.be; DOI: https://doi.org/10.54510/CGRN0. 

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	    			<author>Jan-Mathieu Carbon</author>
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					<p>Edition here based on Ehrhardt <bibl type="abbr" n="Milet VI.3">Milet VI.3</bibl> 1221, with ph. pl. 23 (following an autoptic revision of the stone by P. Herrmann in 1981), with commentary and further references.</p>
					<p>Cf. also: <bibl type="abbr" n="SEG">SEG</bibl> 15, 678; 
						Sokolowski <bibl type="abbr" n="LSAM">LSAM</bibl> 46.</p>
					
					<p>Further bibliography: <bibl type="author_date" n="Puttkammer 1912">Puttkammer 1912</bibl>: 5 and 11; 
						<bibl type="author_date" n="Herda 2006">Herda 2006</bibl>: 213-214; 
						<bibl type="author_date" n="Carbon 2013b">Carbon 2013b</bibl>: 29.</p>
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					<head>Translation</head>
<p>[...], and to receive the skins and the other perquisites. If one (animal) is sacrificed, he will receive the tongue, the continuous sacrum, the foreleg (or tail?). If more (animals) are sacrificed, he will get the continuous sacrum and the tongue from each (animal), and one thigh from among all (the animals). When the priest officiates for the other gods sharing the precinct, he will receive the same perquisites and a thigh instead of (5) the foreleg (or tail?), unless the <foreign>basileus</foreign> receives it. If the city sacrifices an animal whose skin has been singed, he will receive the tongue, the continuous sacrum, the foreleg (or tail?). If a foreigner offers a sacrifice to Apollo, whichever citizen the foreigner wishes, is to serve as deputy-priest, and he is to give all the same perquisites to the priest as when the city sacrifices, [except] the skin. If the foreigner sacrifices during the Apollonia, [x is to serve as deputy-priest? ...]</p>
				</div>
				<div type="translation" xml:lang="fre">
					<head>Traduction</head>
<p>[...] de recevoir les peaux et les autres parts d'honneur. Si un seul (animal) est sacrifié, il recevra la langue, le long sacrum, le jarret (ou la queue ?). Si l'on sacrifie plus (d'un animal), qu'il reçoive le long sacrum et la langue, sur chaque (animal), et une seule cuisse sur tous. Quand le prêtre officie pour les autres dieux qui partagent l'enceinte, qu'il reçoive les mêmes parts d'honneur et une cuisse au lieu (5) du jarret (ou la queue ?), sauf si le roi la reçoit. Si la cité sacrifie un animal dont la peau a été roussie, qu'il reçoive la langue, le long sacrum, le jarret (ou la queue ?). Si un étranger offre un sacrifice à Apollon, quel que soit le citoyen que l'étranger choisit pour remplir l'office, qu'on donne au prêtre exactement les parts d'honneur que la cité donnerait, [sauf] la peau. Si c'est lors des Apollonia que sacrifie l'étranger, que [x serve de prêtre suppléant... ?]</p>
				</div>
					<div type="commentary">    
						<head>Commentary</head>    
<p>Though only partially preserved, the regulation is organised much like other contracts for priests. It may be a more general regulation than a contract, but it is worth noting that the practice of sales of priesthood is well-attested at Miletos: cf. <ref target="http://cgrn.ulg.ac.be/CGRN_39">CGRN 39</ref>, etc. Accordingly, this document may well be a further instance of this type. It presents a series of cases and scenarios which modify the list of habitual perquisites for the priest: there are seven of these cases preserved here (the first and the last one partially). Since line 1 mentions the phrase τὰ ἄλλα γέρεα, the standard perquisites were probably defined in an earlier (now missing) section of the document. A good guess, however, is the usual series of three or four portions which are listed here: the hide or skin in some cases, along with the tongue, the sacrum, and finally a portion called the ὤρη or, alternatively, the thigh. The attribution of these perquisites depends on how many animals are offered, to which gods, and on who is offering the sacrifice (the city, a foreigner).</p>
						
<p>At any rate, it is clear that the regulation refers to the priesthood of Apollo at Miletos and very likely the priest of Apollo Delphinios, the central figure in the city (cf. Ehrhardt, Herda). There are several indications which support this identification. Apollo is obviously mentioned in line 6, as well as in line 8, where a festival called the Apollonia is cited. Though not attested <foreign>verbatim</foreign> at Miletos, this was doubtless a major Apolline festival in the city, perhaps the celebration attested in the stele of Molpoi and taking place in the first month of the calendar (Taureon), cf. <ref target="http://cgrn.ulg.ac.be/CGRN_201">CGRN 201</ref>, lines 23-24, and/or the festival (ἑορτή) of Apollo which is mentioned in the Archaic sacrificial calendar of Miletos, <ref target="http://cgrn.ulg.ac.be/CGRN_6">CGRN 6</ref>, lines 12-13. The stele of the Molpoi also associates the official called the <foreign>basileus</foreign> with the cult of Apollo Delphinios, as we find here in line 5, and the mention of ἐντεμενίοι θεοί in lines 3-4 makes the identification even more plausible, since a group of such gods is only attested at Miletos in the Delphinion (these gods include Hekate and probably others later such as Zeus Kronion, see Herda, Carbon).</p>
							
<p>Line 2: For the tongue as a priestly perquisite, see also here e.g. <ref target="http://cgrn.ulg.ac.be/CGRN_36">CGRN 36</ref> (Chios), lines 2-3, etc. The ὀσφῦς is a fundamental portion in Greek sacrifice, being often offered on the altar as a burnt offering, and sometimes granted to priests, see e.g. <ref target="http://cgrn.ulg.ac.be/CGRN_42">CGRN 42</ref> (Iasos), line 2. Anatomically, it should refer to the sacrum bone, its marrow, and the meat surrounding it (perhaps other vertebrae, portions of the tail, or adjacent bits of the hip). Here, however, the portion is explicitly qualified by the adjective δασύς, which has caused some problems of interpretation (see still Ehrhardt, who translates "mit viel Fleisch"; <bibl type="abbr" n="LSJ">LSJ</bibl> s.v. I.1 "shaggy", citing this text). The correct interpretation had already been signalled by Puttkammer (p. 11), citing Hsch. s.v. δάσυ· συνέχες. In other words, the qualification here stipulates the sacrum must be an intact or 'continuous' portion (perhaps 'with a lot of meat', but only in the sense of being butchered as a continuous cut of meat). For other portions of sacrificial meat described as 'continuous' or intact, see <bibl type="abbr" n="LSCG">LSCG</bibl> 45, line 5. For the share called ὤρη, see below on lines 4-5.</p>
							
<p>Line 3: Since the thigh—perhaps deboned and the thighbone offered on the altar for the god—would have been a substantial and valuable portion of meat, the priest only receives a single item from the available legs in the multiple sacrifice. The same specification applies to the granting of a valuable skin to the priest, since this appears to be only granted exceptionally in the regulation.</p>
							 
<p>Lines 4-5: Τhe portion called ὤρη ought to be the Ionian form of a word like ὥρα or ὤρα (so <bibl type="abbr" n="LSJ">LSJ</bibl> s.v.). However, this remains obscure, unless it is an alternative form for οὐρά, the tail (but the usual Ionian form for this is οὐρή). The solution is perhaps indicated by the fact that the thigh may be exchanged for the ὤρη, unless the <foreign>basileus</foreign> receives this portion in the first place (the <foreign>basileus</foreign> presumably received this share only from some of the sacrifices to other gods in the <foreign>temenos</foreign>). This would suggest that ὤρη should designate something analogous to a leg, also since schol. ad Hom. <bibl>Il.</bibl> 12.89 writes τοὺς γάρ Ἴωνας λέγειν φασὶ τὴν κωλῆν ὥρην {scil. ὤρην} καὶ ὠραίαν (already adduced by Bechtel, cited by Ehrhardt). In other words, more than a tail, it would perhaps be better to think of a foreleg, since ὠραία/ὠραίη ought to mean "first to appear". Another possibility is that raised by Bechtel, who compares Lat. <foreign>sura</foreign>, from which it would follow that the word designates the lower leg or calf. On the sacrifice of an animal whose skin was singed or burned (εὐστόν), cp. esp. <ref target="http://cgrn.ulg.ac.be/CGRN_57">CGRN 57</ref> (Aixone), lines 6 and 12.</p>
							
<p>Lines 6-8: The verb προϊεράομαι refers to the appointment and designation of a substitute for the one offering the sacrifice, i.e. a surrogate officiant working with the priest or acting himself as priest. This appears to be particularly necessary in the case of foreigners, who were not themselves entitled to offer a sacrifice, except in name. A citizen is freely chosen as a surrogate and the priest of Apollo presumably still oversees the rites in question. See also here <ref target="http://cgrn.ulg.ac.be/CGRN_41">CGRN 41</ref> (Chios), lines 4-5, <ref target="http://cgrn.ulg.ac.be/CGRN_50">CGRN 50</ref> (Chios), lines 10-12, and <ref target="http://cgrn.ulg.ac.be/CGRN_138">CGRN 138</ref> (Miletos), lines 6-7, other instances from priestly contracts.</p>
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